Says that it launches, can hear menu but no video

Have you tried switching to the game, either by clicking on the icon in the task bar or by hitting alt+tab? It might have opened the game in the background, though I can't imagine why it would do that.

If everything else fails, you can try using window mode. Edit the file Documents\Klei\OxygenNotIncluded\kplayerprefs.yaml

  ResolutionWidth: 1920
  ResolutionHeight: 1080
  RefreshRate: 60
  FullScreen: 1

I haven't edited this file manually, but I imagine you would be able to switch to window mode and see if you can get the game started that way.

Sure it should work out of the box and in fullscreen too, but learning if and which workaround works provides hints to what could have gone wrong.

Also you should submit your log file. It could contain some rather valuable information regarding your computer, which could also contain clues to might be wrong.

Do you have, by any chance, a second monitor? Or do you had one once? 

If so, try the following key-combination: Windows-key + P, as often as it needs to set it "only computer" (or whatever its called in englisch versions). Its the Symbol with the active laptop, and canceled big display.